Determination of phytochemical contents, and antioxidant and anticancer properties of selected Garcinia species from Tenom, Sabah

• मुख्य लेखक: Nor Ezani Ahmad
• स्वरूप: थीसिस
• भाषा: अंग्रेज़ी; अंग्रेज़ी
• प्रकाशित: 2016
• विषय: QK710-899 Plant physiology
• ऑनलाइन पहुंच: https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/44318/1/24%20PAGES.pdf; https://eprints.ums.edu.my/id/eprint/44318/2/FULLTEXT.pdf

Garcinia mangostana (family of Clusiaceae) has been reported to possess antioxidants, antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and anti­carcinogenic activities due to its xanthones content in the fruit. The aims of the current study are to determine the phytochemicals content and antioxidant activities, as well as its cytotoxicity effects, on five Garcinia species collected in Tenom, Sabah. The selected species are G. dulcis, G. patvifolia, G. nitida, G. cambogia and G. mangostana var. mangosta. The fruits were separated into three parts: peel, flesh and seed, and extracted using two different solvents: 80% methanol and aqueous solvent. Three different parameters were used to determine the antioxidant activities: DPPH free radical scavenging activity, ABTS decolourization assay and FRAP assay. For cytotoxicity activities, three different cancer cell-lines, namely MCF-7 (hormone dependent breast cancer), MDA-MB-231 (non-hormone dependent breast cancer) and HepG2 (liver cancer) were cultured. Samples extracted with 80% methanol were selected and screened by using MTT ([3-( 4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. The cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were further evaluated using flow cytometry. Further analysis on the possible compound that contributed to the antioxidant and anticancer activities were analysed using Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the seed of G. cambogia and G. nitida as well as the peel of G. mangostana possessed the highest phytochemical and antioxidant activities. The fruit parts of G. dulcis, peel of G. mangostana var. mangosta and seed of G. cambogia showed positive cytotoxic effects towards all cancer cell lines tested. The lowest ICso value was detected in the seed of G. du/cis for MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and HepG2 with the values of 2.5±0.00, 12.5±3.54 and 7.33±2.52 µg/ml, respectively. The flesh of G. dulcis induced cell cycle arrest in HepG2 cancer cell at Sub G1 (apoptosis) phase in time-dependent manner and the seed of G. cambogia induced S phase arrest after 72 h of treatment. Staining with Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide showed that apoptosis occurred late in the flesh of G. dulcis and early in the seed of G. cambogia with the total of 41.2% and 51.2% of cells, respectively at 72 h of treatment. The apoptosis of the flesh of G. dulcis were accompanied by increased in caspase 3. GC-MS analysis showed that Hydroxy methyl furfural or 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) was the most abundant compound found in the peel and flesh of G. dulcis and seed of G. cambogia. The five Garcinia species collected in Tenom, Sabah have a promising potential for anticancer remedy as evidenced by cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis and can be developed as new nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products in the future.