| सारांश: | At present, there is a worrisome increasing prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular
risk among adolescents in Malaysia, which could have a major impact on the health of
the later adult population of the country if no proper action is taken. Although there are
several methods available for the assessment of the dietary intake of a population, the
food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) is one of the dietary tools commonly used to assess
the habitual intake of a population. Different versions of the FFQ are needed to assess
different populations’ dietary habits and patterns. The aim of this study was to investigate
the socio-demographic factors that influence the dietary intake of the Malaysian
adolescent population and also to develop a FFQ that suits the multi-ethnic Malaysian
adolescent population that can be used in future diet–disease relationship studies. In part
one of the study, diet data from the Malaysian Health and Adolescents Longitudinal
Research Team Study (MyHeARTs) 2014 database were used to investigate the macroand
micronutrient intake of Malaysian adolescents by sex, place of residence, ethnicity,
parent’s education, body mass index (BMI) and household income. The nutritional status
of the adolescents was also examined. In part two of the study, collective food data from
the MyHeARTs 2012 database were used to construct the Malaysian Adolescent FFQ
(MyUM Adolescent FFQ). A total of 78 participants aged between 13 and 15 years old
in 2014 were selected through convenience sampling for the test-retest study. A total of
156 MyHeART study participants who were 15 years old in 2014 were randomly selected
for the comparative validity study. They completed a 7-day diet history (7DDH) and
subsequently completed the self-administered MyUM Adolescent FFQ. In part 1 of the
study, the mean intake of energy, protein and sodium for both sexes were significantly
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higher than the Malaysian recommended nutrient intake (RNI), while the mean intake of
fibre, vitamin D, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus were significantly
lower than Malaysian RNI for both sexes. Although the male adolescent iron intake was
adequate, the female iron intake was significantly below the recommended amount.
Except for crude dietary fibre, sugar and vitamin D, the boys had significantly higher
macro- and micronutrient intake compared to the girls. There were also significant
differences in the macro- and micronutrient intakes and in the nutritional status indicators
by residency, ethnicity, parent’s education, household income and BMI. In part 2 of the
study, the intra-class correlation between the first and second administration of the FFQ
was 0.71 to 0.88 for macronutrients and 0.67 to 0.85 for micronutrients. Energy-adjusted
correlations for protein, carbohydrate, and fat were 0.54, 0.63 and 0.49, respectively.
Cross-classification analyses revealed that more than 70 percent of adolescents were in
either the same or adjacent quartile of nutrient intake when the data of the 7DDH and the
FFQ were compared. No serious systematic bias was evident in the Bland–Altman plots.
In conclusion, a comprehensive national strategy is required to deal with the long-term
hazard of chronic diseases in Malaysia. The 200-item MyUM Adolescent FFQ that was
developed by this study has moderate to good comparative validity for the assessment of
most macro- and micronutrients, and therefore can be used in future studies to assess the
diet of multi-ethnic adolescents in Malaysia
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