| Summary: | Smoking cessation was important because smoking has been the single most essential
preventable cause of premature death and morbidity. Positive Smoker Identity was a
new construct representing positive smoker thoughts, images and feeling about smoking
behaviour and culture. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the psychometric
properties of a questionnaire developed to measure Positive Smoker Identity among
smokers in government agencies in Kota Bharu, Kelantan, and to study its prevalence
and associated factors. A cross-sectional study was carried out from March 2017 to
March 2018 using data collected from smokers. The respondents answered a set of
proforma and questionnaires including PSmoQi, which was initially developed and
tested for content, face and construct validity in a pilot study. Data were analysed using
R Software Version 3.3.1. Two-hundred and fifty-three smokers, who were all male and
Malay, participated in the study. Majority of them had attained secondary school
education or lower (52.2%), were of lower job level (70%), were married (88.9%),
smoked cigarette daily (74.7%), used conventional cigarette (96.4%), smoked at home
(68%), got their cigarettes from shop (90.9%), reported good health status (83.4%),
occasionally saw smoking cessation campaign in the media (52.2%), and used mostly
cheaper-than-market-price cigarette (55.3%). The best factor solution confirmed for the
PSmoQi items was a 6-factor solution, with an overall Cronbach’s alpha of 0.77.
PSmoQi was shown to have acceptable convergent validity, good divergent validity,
and adequate concurrent validity with Smoker Self-Concept Scale (SSCS-M). The
prevalence of respondents with Positive Smoker Identity was 72.3%. Factors associatedwith Positive Smoker Identity were age (AOR: 1.042; 95% CI: 1.004, 1.081); p =
0.028), SSCS-M score (AOR: 1.216; 95% CI: 1.112, 1.329; p < 0.001), heaviness index
(AOR: 1.002; 95% CI: 1.001, 1.004; p = 0.011), and educational attainment. (AOR:
0.458; 95% CI: 0.233, 0.900; p = 0.024). In summary, PSmoQi was a valid and reliable
instrument to measure a comprehensively rich and deep Positive Smoker Identity
construct, and would facilitate parametric statistical analyses in future studies on
smoking cessation.
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