| Summary: | Pancreatic cancer is among the highest lethal cancer in the world and current
treatment and biomarker for this cancer is still limited. This study aimed to investigate
the anti-proliferative effects of essential oils extracted from the leaves (EO-L) and stem
bark (EO-B) of Garcinia atroviridis against human pancreatic cancer cell line, PANC-
1. The selective index (SI) values of each treatment was determined based on the ratio
of IC50 in BEAS-2B cells in comparison to PANC-1 cells. In PANC-1 cells, IC50 and
SI values of EO-L was 78 μg/ml and 1.23, respectively. EO-L at 100 μg/ml
concentration had induced 73.97% the release of LDH after 24 h of incubation period.
On the contrary, EO-B showed no pronounced anti-proliferative effect. Combination
treatment between EO-L and 2-DG showed moderate synergism, with combination
index (CI) values of 0.36 to 0.75. The effects of EO-L, 2-DG and EOL+2DG were
further investigated on mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), apoptosis, cell
cycle and mRNA expression of selected regulatory molecules involved in apoptosis
and cellular metabolism. EO-L had induced 57.9% MMP and 49.7% apoptosis in
PANC-1 cells after 24 h of treatment. At 72 h of treatment, 2-DG and EOL+2DG
caused 47.6% and 60.8% of MMP, respectively. Both 2-DG and EOL+2DG had
caused PANC-1 cells to undergo apoptosis by 18.1% and 63.1%, respectively. Further,
EO-L had induced 24.5% accumulation of cells at S phase after 48 h of treatment. At
24 h treatment, 2-DG and EOL+2DG had induced PANC-1 cells to be accumulated at
G1 phase by 60.77% and 70.9%, respectively.
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