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Also available in printed version : QD341.A6 N36 2014 raf
| Main Author: | |
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| Other Authors: | |
| Format: | Bachelor thesis |
| Language: | Malay |
| Published: |
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
2025
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://utmik.utm.my/handle/123456789/114176 |
| Abstract | Abstract here |
| _version_ | 1854975060592295936 |
|---|---|
| author | Nik Nur Afzan Supardi |
| author2 | Shukor Abd. Razak, supervisor |
| author_facet | Shukor Abd. Razak, supervisor Nik Nur Afzan Supardi |
| author_sort | Nik Nur Afzan Supardi |
| description | Also available in printed version : QD341.A6 N36 2014 raf |
| format | Bachelor thesis |
| id | utm-123456789-114176 |
| institution | Universiti Teknologi Malaysia |
| language | Malay |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Universiti Teknologi Malaysia |
| record_format | dspace |
| record_pdf | Abstract |
| spelling | utm-123456789-1141762025-08-20T21:58:09Z Sistem value your cart (VyCart) Nik Nur Afzan Supardi Shukor Abd. Razak, supervisor JavaScript (Computer program language) Also available in printed version : QD341.A6 N36 2014 raf Vanillin is one of the essential constituents that provide the flavor and aroma characteristics to the vanilla extract. Due to the increasing market demands, the production of synthetic vanillin has gradually developed as an alternative to the complex production of natural vanillin from vanilla orchid beans. Recently, the chemical production of synthetic vanillin from biomass lignin has gained significant attention as the more environmental friendly alternative for vanillin production. Accordingly, lignin isolated from three sources of lignocellulosic biomass which are oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber, coconut husk and kenaf fiber were studied and compared prior to be used in the vanillin derivation process. Among the biomass studied, the highest lignin fractions were recovered from the coconut husk which exhibits the best characteristics of lignin in term of structure, purity and thermal behavior. Therefore, only the coconut husk lignin was used for further study. Coconut husk lignin was subjected to an alkaline oxidation at 160 ºC for 2.5 hours, using 0.40 mL nitrobenzene as the oxidant. Approximately 2.83 % of vanillin was successfully produced and its presence in the oxidized mixture was identified by using the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) method. Meanwhile, the crystalline structure of purified vanillin was verified using the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H1NMR) method. In order to maximize the production yield of vanillin, several variables were considered for optimization using the response surface methodology (RSM) which includes oxidation temperature, oxidation time and volume of nitrobenzene. A maximum yield of 4.01 % vanillin was obtained from coconut husk lignin at 140 ºC for 2.8 hours using 0.44 mL nitrobenzene. The production yield of vanillin at these optimum conditions was compared with the oxidation of OPEFB and kenaf fibers lignin. The comparison shows the highest yield was obtained for the coconut husk lignin oxidation. As a conclusion, the yield of vanillin was improved at low oxidation temperature snhas UTM 102 p. Thesis (Sarjana Kejuruteraan (Kimia)) - Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 2014 2025-04-18T07:27:01Z 2025-04-18T07:27:01Z 2010-12 Bachelor thesis https://utmik.utm.my/handle/123456789/114176 valet-20150604-12077 vital:77553 ML Closed Access UTM Complete Completion Unpublished application/pdf Universiti Teknologi Malaysia |
| spellingShingle | JavaScript (Computer program language) Nik Nur Afzan Supardi Sistem value your cart (VyCart) |
| thesis_level | Other |
| title | Sistem value your cart (VyCart) |
| title_full | Sistem value your cart (VyCart) |
| title_fullStr | Sistem value your cart (VyCart) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sistem value your cart (VyCart) |
| title_short | Sistem value your cart (VyCart) |
| title_sort | sistem value your cart vycart |
| topic | JavaScript (Computer program language) |
| url | https://utmik.utm.my/handle/123456789/114176 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT niknurafzansupardi sistemvalueyourcartvycart |