A randomized controlled trial comparing the effect of conventional and modified handgrip exercise towards the vein size and blood flow of upper limbs in healthy subjects

Introduction The rising trend of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has seen a higher rate of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation. Creating a durable vascular access for hemodialysis is a challenge especially in the unfavorable vein size. Smaller vein size (< 2mm) is associated with higher AVF f...

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